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2025, 09, v.40 16-31
输入性通胀的时变特征与宏观经济效应
基金项目(Foundation): 国家自然科学基金面上项目“输入型通胀的宏观经济效应研究:通胀风险、价格分化和货币政策分析”(7237 3107)
邮箱(Email):
DOI: 10.20207/j.cnki.1007-3116.2025.0036
摘要:

在全球通胀上涨和经济增长乏力背景下重新审视中国面临的输入性通胀,是精准发力、制定有效政策以维持经济稳定的关键议题。文章基于2002—2021年的宏观层面数据,构建MAI-AR-SV模型和SVAR模型考察输入性通胀的宏观经济效应。研究发现:第一,中国通胀在水平上近1/3和波动率上超1/6的部分可由输入性通胀解释,且相较于总体通胀和自身通胀,输入性通胀表现出更强的持久性;第二,正向输入性通胀冲击推高中国总体通胀水平,不利于物价稳定,对投资、外贸和总产出产生负面影响,并导致中国人民银行做出紧缩的货币政策反应;第三,输入性通胀会抬高通胀预期和增加经济政策不确定性,从而对宏观经济产生持久的负面影响。因此,有必要建立应对输入性通胀的长效宏观调控机制。在面对输入性通胀时,货币政策需在调控通胀与刺激经济之间做出恰当权衡,并重视预期与不确定性,减轻输入性通胀的不利影响。

Abstract:

Amid the current global context of rising inflation and sluggish economic growth, it is essential to re-examine the challenges posed by imported inflation in China.With increasingly integrated supply chains and faster cross-border price transmission, external inflationary pressures play an ever more prominent role in shaping domestic macroeconomic dynamics.A clear understanding of this phenomenon can inform more targeted and effective macroeconomic policymaking, thereby contributing to the stability and resilience of China's economic development.In this context, it is crucial to assess the transmission mechanisms, persistence, and policy implications of imported inflation.Based on macroeconomic data from a broad range of countries and regions over the period 2002 to 2021,the study applies two complementary empirical frameworks: the MAI-AR-SV model and the SVAR model.These approaches enable a comprehensive evaluation of the macroeconomic effects of imported inflation, accounting for structural heterogeneity, time-varying volatility, and cross-border linkages.The results shed light on how global price shocks are transmitted to China through trade, commodity markets, and financial flows.The analysis yields three main findings.First, imported inflation contributes to nearly one-third of China's overall inflation level and more than one-sixth of its volatility.Compared with aggregate and domestic inflation, imported inflation demonstrates stronger persistence, indicating more lasting effects on domestic prices and complicating short-term stabilization efforts.Second, positive shocks to imported inflation substantially raise China's general inflation rate, undermining price stability.These shocks also generate negative spillovers across investment, external trade, and total output, often prompting contractionary monetary responses that intensify short-term trade-offs.Third, imported inflation raises inflation expectations and increases policy uncertainty, weakening the credibility of policy signals and exerting long-term adverse effects on macroeconomic stability.These findings point to three policy priorities.First, greater emphasis should be placed on distinguishing domestic and external inflation drivers.Identifying the contributions of supply versus demand-side factors and separating transitory from persistent elements is vital for designing precise and responsive macroeconomic interventions.Second, monetary policy must balance inflation control with growth objectives.A coordinated use of interest rate instruments, exchange rate policy, and liquidity tools can help mitigate external shocks while preserving domestic momentum.Third, expectation management and uncertainty reduction should be integrated into macroeconomic governance.Enhancing forward guidance, improving policy transparency, and anchoring expectations are crucial for bolstering policy credibility, stabilizing markets, and containing the multifaceted risks posed by imported inflation.

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(1)在不影响输入性通胀成分识别的情况下,文章的G是非时变的,当然G可被设置成时变参数,但参数估计将变得更为复杂。

(2)由于全球共同因素在现实中无法被全部观测到,文章以全球可观测因素Ft近似表示全球共同因素,同样地,以全球可观测因素冲击ωt近似表示全球共同因素冲击。

(3)参数估计策略因篇幅有限留存,读者需要,可联系作者。

(4)11个国家和地区包括:澳大利亚、德国、日本、马来西亚、荷兰、新加坡、韩国、中国台湾、泰国、美国、越南。鉴于政策等非市场因素对经济往来的影响,文章未考虑中国香港与澳门特别行政区。鉴于数据可获得性,仅考虑2004—2021年的OFDI流量数据。为尽可能排除样本选择主观性的影响,分别使用了前8大和前14大国家和地区的数据进行估计,估计结果与基准估计结果无明显差异,表明样本的选择较为合理。详情因篇幅有限留存,读者需要,可联系作者。此做法的理由在于,进出口数据既考虑了大宗商品价格等贸易因素,也考虑了汇率变化因素,而FDI和OFDI数据则考虑了资本流动因素。样本覆盖的时间为2001年1月至2022年12月,原始数据为月度同比CPI数据,缺失数据通过线性插值法补充,最后利用CPI数据计算月度通胀率。数据来源于中经网。

(5)同时文章在模型样本拟合过程中设置移动平均项的滞后阶数为20,这样既避免了可能发生的自相关又最大限度地保留了数据观测量。

(6)与图1类似,相较于中国和马来西亚,泰国和越南的这一比例较高,甚至超过部分发达经济体。可能的原因在于,泰国和越南的对外依存度本就较高,根据世界银行WDI数据库,二者的对外依存度在2022年分别为1.34和1.85,而马拉西亚为1.23,中国仅为0.38,加上近年来大量劳动密集产业向泰国和越南转移,使得此两国的通胀与全球通胀的联系更为紧密。

(7)进口价格指数数据来自于CSMAR数据库。所估计输入性通胀与各类IMPI时序图留存备索。

(8)不同频率样本的估计结果对比留存备索。

(9)扁平先验下的脉冲响应图留存备索。

(10)此AIC、BIC和HQIC值是在最大滞后阶数为10和8计算的,当最大滞后阶数设置为10以上时,根据AIC标准得到的最优滞后阶数有时为10,有时为12,非常不稳定,因此最终选取中间大小的滞后阶数。这一滞后阶数使得所有变量可以通过平稳性检验,检验结果留存备索。

(11)正文中均为明尼苏达先验下一标准单位冲击。

(12)限于篇幅,详细的稳健性检验过程及论述留存备索。

基本信息:

DOI:10.20207/j.cnki.1007-3116.2025.0036

中图分类号:F822.5;F124

引用信息:

[1]杨艳,易伟,鲁世宇.输入性通胀的时变特征与宏观经济效应[J].统计与信息论坛,2025,40(09):16-31.DOI:10.20207/j.cnki.1007-3116.2025.0036.

基金信息:

国家自然科学基金面上项目“输入型通胀的宏观经济效应研究:通胀风险、价格分化和货币政策分析”(7237 3107)

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